Whatever liberates our spirit without giving us self-control is disastrous.

Goethe

Parts One and Two contained 1) speculations about the patterns of evolution, 2) observations about the current state of the world, and 3) some extrapolations of the current trends. The extrapolations indicate that irreversible entropy is inevitable unless some revolutionary changes are made in our social structure.

It is possible to formulate a model about how man may avoid irreversible entropy and continue to evolve toward total awareness. Since such a model must encompass man's psychosocial environment, about which there is so little scientific methodology, the model will almost certainly be replete with errors. However, doubt can never be used as an excuse for inaction. We must do the best we can to make sense out of the universe and to act ethically. We need only keep an open mind and remember that every model of cause and effect relationships probably always has errors. Every description, theory and strategy in this book may be in error. We can correct the errors only by scientific experimentation. Experiments are valid only when they are performed ethically in an atmosphere of free and honest inquiry. In this part we shall use ethics to plan an experiment in human evolution.

 

Foundations

The foundation of an Ethical State is ethical behavior. The problem that must be solved is how to motivate a society so that men may become moral. From the ethical theory in Chapters 1, 2, and 3 we know that ethical behavior stems from 1) a desire to play the Game of Life, 2) personal freedom and 3) scientific method. From Chapters 4 and 5 we know that bureaucracy and ideology impede ethical behavior; if they are not eliminated, they will destroy the human race by making mankind immoral.

It is clear that a desire to play the Game of Life is inherent in all mankind. Not all men have an equal, innate proficiency for playing the Game; but since all children increase their awareness, the desire to play the Game must itself be innate. The fact that persons cease to play the Game later in life is assumed to be due to outside entropic factors (physical, biological and/or psychosocial) originating by chance and resulting in immoral adults who then directly increase man's entropy. Children are, therefore, all ethical. Only adults can be immoral or moral. An ethical society would be structured to maximize morality and to minimize the number of immoral men who are the deleterious mutations in man's psychosocial evolution.

A necessary condition for maintaining feedback is personal freedom. Without personal freedom it is not possible to question all descriptions, models, and strategies. However, popular ideology may still destroy individual awareness in the presence of personal freedom if scientific method is not used at all levels of society. Only science tests ideology by forcing a confrontation over its ability to predict and control.

Ideology and bureaucracy together will inevitably destroy the awareness of anyone who submits to them. Ideology destroys the individual awareness of any person by blinding him to the possibility that he may be wrong and others may be right. Bureaucracy destroys the collective awareness of society by consuming resources and deliberately destroying negative feedback until no feedback remains and the society is totally corrupt. In other words, ideology destroys personal morality while bureaucracy destroys social morality.

An Ethical State must, therefore, 1) maximize personal freedom, 2) avoid all forms of bureaucracy, and 3) eliminate ideology through education. Personal freedom is maximized and ideology is minimized by broad awareness. Therefore, the prime function of an Ethical State must be to educate persons to become generalists. All the resources of the state must be used to make it possible for all men to experience everything, try everything, understand everything and extend everything. This is the spirit of evolution and total awareness.

Bureaucracies are destroyed by feedback. Therefore, all organizations in an Ethical State must maximize their feedback. At first this is probably best accomplished by maximizing creative competition between organizations, thereby 1) deliberately disbanding the less effective organizations and 2) forcing the most effective organizations to split into new competitive groups. This is a direct analogue of natural selection.

The maximal form of competition is obtained when it is individualized and there is no organization of any kind. This is possible in many sectors of society but not all. Therefore, the formation of organizations should be inhibited in an Ethical State when they serve no useful purpose. A purpose is useful if and only if it leads to greater total awareness.

For example, political parties serve no useful purpose since they only bureaucratize the governmental process. Therefore, there should be no political parties in an Ethical State. However, schools do serve a useful purpose by making the educational process a social experience and more cost-effective than individual tutoring. Therefore, organizations called "schools" should exist on a competitive basis within an Ethical State.

As an Ethical State evolves toward a Moral Society, the need for competition may be relaxed. This is the case because moral men are prone neither to bureaucratization nor ideology.

The code of an Ethical State may be summarized in a single ethical imperative:

Each Person Must Do His Best to Maximize Total Awareness

From this may be derived the principles which are the foundation of an Ethical State.

Principles of an Ethical State

• 1. Only actions which increase total awareness are ethical.
• 2. Any action which decreases any person's awareness is unethical.
• 3. Unethical means can never achieve ethical ends.
• 4. Means which are not ends are never ethical.
• 5. It is unethical to tolerate immorality.
• 6. It is unethical to be certain.
• 7. It is ethical to doubt.
• 8. Inaction is unethical.

 

Design

In order to accomplish its objectives, an Ethical State will 1) concentrate its resources on education; 2) support non-educational activities only insofar as these activities are essential preconditions to the enhancement of total awareness; 3) avoid bureaucratization by maximizing feedback at all levels of society, particularly in the political and educational systems, and deliberately eliminating all forms of bureaucratic, not personal, security; 4) continuously improve the quality of the human species (i.e., its genetic potential for total awareness) through a scientific, humane eugenics program; and 5) develop the scientific and technical basis for engendering the Moral Society.

The last activity is an integral part of the educational program and will be discussed within the educational context.

The discussion of an Ethical State is couched in specific terms not because a precise analysis has been made of all the alternatives, but rather to illustrate the specific decisions which will have to be made in structuring an Ethical State. The percentage figures were chosen in such a way that Darwinian competition might provide adequate feedback to the entire system.

The following social and political structure should, therefore, be regarded as a first experimental approximation to an Ethical Society. It is one model of how an Ethical State may be structured. Other models for an Ethical State are certainly possible and perhaps desirable. Every description, hypothesis, theory and model in this boor: may be in error.

 

Education

An Ethical Society exists solely to educate mankind. Education was defined earlier as any process which directly increases the total awareness of those who are exposed to it. Education is the human manifestation of the evolutionary force which drives matter toward mind and mind toward ever greater total awareness. Education is the process which will elevate man to the Moral Society. The Moral Society is the process which will enable mankind to evolve forever toward total awareness.

The transformation of mankind into the Moral Society will not be an abrupt occurrence, but will be brought about gradually as all men become increasingly totally aware, raising the minimum as well as the maximum levels of total awareness within existing humanity. The constant raising of these two levels plus the minimization of the differences between them are the two main functions of an Ethical State.

The progress of science and technology has continuously raised the maximum level of total awareness at an unprecedented rate. Bureaucratization and ideology have caused an ever-widening gap in the level of total awareness between those who are most aware and those who are least aware. Bureaucratization and ideology have led to ever narrower, more irrelevant specialization among scientists and exclusion of a now increasing majority of humanity from most scientific and technical knowledge. The net effect will be, if it is not already the case, a decrease in total awareness and the creation of an immoral society. The educational programs of an Ethical State must reverse this trend.

The totality of awareness which should be the goal of an Ethical State for all persons is that typified by the combined total awareness of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Leibniz, Bach, Newton, Goethe, Gauss, Darwin, Dostoyevsky, Freud, Schweitzer, Einstein, etc. The only difference is that modern science and technology will increase both the depth and the breadth of total awareness to produce persons far superior to any combination of these men. The argument that these men were geniuses is irrelevant. Insofar as the leftist hypothesis is correct, it is possible by education (in the broad sense) to raise all men to meet and exceed the level of total awareness of any genius. Insofar as the rightist hypothesis is correct, it is possible through eugenics to increase the genetic quality of mankind until the innate ability of the vast majority of persons equals or exceeds that of any combination of geniuses. In both cases, technology can be used to enhance the process. Science, not ideology, should determine the relative balance in effectiveness between education and eugenics. The net result should be a steadily increasing total awareness for all humanity and diminution of the differences between high and low awareness levels.

Education should be concerned only with maximizing the level of total awareness for all persons. This can be done by structuring the educational system to produce generalists who have breadth as well as depth. Specialization should be deferred as long as possible and should be discouraged until a person has achieved a level of total awareness which makes him a generalist with depth in all fields of knowledge. Even then, a person should be discouraged from specializing by providing him with greater inducements to continue expanding his total awareness. The expansion of total awareness will probably go through a process in which breadth is developed first and then depth is increased in all fields of knowledge through either serial or simultaneous specialization. The latter should be encouraged in order to maintain sphericity. The minimum level in formal education that should initially be the objective of the Ethical State is equivalent to a person's simultaneously obtaining a bachelor's degree with honors at a currently accredited American university in each of the following fields. These are the minimum scholastic requirements for a scientifically literate generalist:

General Subject	Emphasis
MATHEMATICS	algebra, real and complex analysis, partial differential equations, probability, statistics, calculus of variations, functional analysis, differential geometry
PHYSICS	mechanics, electricity and magnetism, optics, mathematical physics, atomic, nuclear, solid state and modern physics
CHEMISTRY	physical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, thermodynamics
BIOLOGY	zoology, botany, comparative anatomy and physiology, genetics, embryology, neurophysiology, molecular biology
ENGINEERING	architecture, structures, mechanical systems, electronic circuits, systems theory, computer design, communications technology
PSYCHOLOGY	psychophysics, physiological psychology, mathematical psychology, learning, personality development
ANTHROPOLOGY	human evolution and genetics, comparative cultural development, archeology
GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE	history, sociology, economics, political science
GENERAL SCIENCE	geology, paleontology, astronomy, ecology
GENERAL HUMANITIES	expository prose, languages, literature, music, art
PHILOSOPHY	history of philosophy, metaphysics, logic, epistemology, ethics

An educational system producing generalists with the above background would represent a "Basic Program." It would complete the first necessary step in the expansion of total awareness. The Basic Program, when completed, represents the minimum amount of knowledge that a person should have before beginning to specialize. It is mostly breadth with little depth. It is a primary education. It represents an embryonic generalist with little practical experience — a sphere of small diameter.

In the Ethical State a person with an I.Q. of one hundred twenty-five (college average) should be able to complete this program by the age of twenty-five. Some could complete it at a much earlier age; others might take many more years. If it were bureaucratically possible, a person could complete the Basic Program today in eight college years. Very few persons today or in any day have the combined breadth and depth of knowledge indicated in the Basic Program. Leibniz had most of the breadth, but not the depth. There are, of course, many persons living today who have great depth in one or more specific parts of the Basic Program, but not in all.

The Basic Program should be structured so that it is continuously increasing in breadth and depth as new knowledge develops and the general student quality improves. Only in this way can the educational system keep pace with the evolution of the population it serves.

Once a person had the minimum education indicated by the Basic Program, he could begin to develop depth in any area of his choice through independent study, research, and/or practical experience with a minimum of guidance. The current hierarchical structure of the educational bureaucracy does not permit the training of generalists except under extraordinary circumstances. The primary educational system of an Ethical State should be structured to optimize the training of the maximum number of generalists possible.

Once a person finishes the Basic Program, the educational system of an Ethical State should make it possible for that person to educate himself indefinitely in complete freedom independently of any bureaucracy. The only problem will be to maintain feedback to the student and the society on the rate of educational progress. This must be done without bureaucracy for both the primary and the advanced students.

 

Primary Education (Proposal 1)

The essential feature of the primary educational system should be a flexible, personalized, non-bureaucratized, educational system with high feedback which is responsive to the individual student's needs. This may be accomplished by allowing the student to have a wide choice of schools and making all the schools compete for the student's attendance. Accreditation of the schools should be based on objective measures of how well the school performs its educational function.

The actual evaluation and accreditation of the schools should be done by independent competitive organizations directly responsible to the elected representatives of the people. The following is a specific example of how these principles might be implemented.

It should be the policy of an Ethical State for every person who wishes it to complete the Basic Program at government expense as soon as possible. (This will be an extension of the current policy in most of the U.S.—that all persons complete what is often a travesty of education, high school, by the age of 18.) In order to maximize the feedback and optimize the educational process, each student should be allowed to choose his own school. The Government would pay the student 1) for his living expenses (paid directly to the student) and 2) for his tuition at an accredited school in whichever region he chose to live (paid directly to the school). The Ethical State would, in general, not operate schools. All schools would be left to private initiative with the Ethical State paying the bill through subsidies to the student. The Ethical State would establish schools only when there was not sufficient private initiative to accommodate all the students. The government schools would always have to compete on an equal basis with the private schools. The schools would be allowed to receive government payment only when they were accredited.

Accreditation would be based entirely on the school's performance in enhancing the total awareness of the student. No control would be exercised over any aspect of the school environment. Accreditation would be determined by measuring the student's total awareness profile and total awareness potential every three months. These measurements of how well the student can predict and control his total environment would be based on scientific, standardized, secret tests to be administered by three independent competitive nation-wide teams of examiners and evaluators. The tests should be known a priori only to the evaluating team and the Central Education Council. The tests would relate each student in the population to all statistically-similar students in the Ethical State.

The payment of tuition to the schools should be proportionate to the relative rate of awareness increase for each individual student. In order to stimulate competition between the schools, the student who increased his awareness of the greatest rate relative to all other students within his statistically-similar group would bring the largest tuition fee to his school (twice the average perhaps). The student who increased his awareness at the lowest rate would bring the least tuition (zero perhaps). The average student would bring the average tuition which would be the same for all statistical groups (i.e., there would be no economic advantage in teaching either very bright or very dull students; only the teaching effectiveness of the school would matter). As the student's level of total awareness increased toward that represented by completion of the Basic Program, the tuition could be gradually increased so that the average tuition for training students at the highest levels could be, perhaps, up to five times that for training students at the lowest levels.

Each student would have access to the three independent evaluations of each school and of himself. The schools would have access to their evaluation and to the three independent evaluations of each student. Both schools and students could choose each other on any basis they wished. The Ethical State could interfere with the selection process only when it could show through scientifically-controlled experiments that some aspect of the selection process was decreasing the total collective awareness of the Ethical State. In this case it would be the responsibility of the Ethical State to correct the selection procedures wherever they were having a proven deleterious effect. The evaluating teams would also have a counseling service to help each student decide which school was best for him. The final decision, however, would be entirely the student's or his guardian's.

In order to avoid monopoly, no school should long be allowed to train more than ten percent of the students in its region (probably no more than ten competitive organizations are necessary for good feedback). Periodically, schools which for more than two years in a row had been training more than ten percent of the students of a school region would be split at random into at least two independent schools. (This is analogous to the random splitting in meiosis by which the variability of life is maximized.) The splitting of schools should be performed under the direction and at the discretion of the Ethical State.

School regions should be compactly contiguous and not larger than 500,000 students, but at least equal to 100,000 students. This will enable many schools to have a critical mass of students while still maintaining competition. All schools should be open to reasonable inspection and scientific examination of their selection procedures, teaching techniques and facilities by the examining teams. The results of these studies should be made public.

The student subsistence allowance should be adequate for the student to live sufficiently well to pursue his studies without interference from problems of inadequate diet' clothing, medical care, shelter or miscellaneous causes. The allowance would be paid directly to the student. While the student was still dependent on others, they could manage the student stipend and guide him. Dependence would end when the student declared himself independent or otherwise showed that he was.

The student could leave his family any time he chose and live anywhere he wished. (This would enable ethical children to escape from immoral parents or guardians. Ethical children of all ages tend to despise immoral adults, but our present society keeps them dependent on these adults.) The student should remain in accredited primary schools until he can support himself or has finished the Basic Program, so long as he is a resident of the Ethical State. Any person, at any time, could leave the school system and live as he chose, so long as he did not become a public charge. He could specialize or become anything he wished; however, he would not receive public support in this endeavor.

In order to stimulate individual competition among the primary students, there should be an additional stipend bonus, of, say, five percent for each total awareness level (there being perhaps one-hundred ascending levels) above the baset that the student reaches until he has completed the Basic Program. Therefore, the student's yearly stipend should be about five times as great when he finishes the Basic Program than when he began it. He could begin at any age he or his guardians chose. Students who fell below a previously-achieved level of awareness would have their stipend reduced accordingly.

 

Primary Evaluation (Proposal 2)

The competitive teams of educational examiners (three in number) would work completely independent of one another. Each team would be nation-wide. They would be rated solely on how well their analyses predicted future performances of schools and students. When all three teams voted to revoke accreditation of a school, then the accreditation would be revoked. If one team voted to retain accreditation, then the accreditation would be retained for one additional year. If the school performed as predicted by the team that voted to retain the accreditation, that team would improve its rating while the other teams would each lower their rating. In general, examining teams would lower their rating for incorrect predictions and improve their sting for correct predictions (within reasonable statistical bounds). The teams would always be required to make predictions for all students and schools.

In order to stimulate competition between the evaluation teams, the team members would be rewarded on the basis of the correctness of their predictions. Every year the team with the lowest total evaluation score would be disbanded, i.e., everyone dismissed. The managers and workers of the leading team would be given a two hundred percent bonus over base salary. The members of the second rank team would be given a one hundred percent bonus over salary. The losing team would receive only their base salary.

The winning team would be split at random into two new teams. Each of the resulting new teams would hire new personnel as needed. They could not, however, hire persons who had been their co-workers the previous year. Otherwise the managers could run their teams as they saw fit and spend their budget (which would be identical for all teams) in any way they wished.

The over-all selection process should maximize feedback by emulating Darwinian competition. The worst team perishes and the best team multiplies. The middle team is used to give stability to the system.

There would always be three working teams: two being reorganized and one more or less the same as the previous year. The teams would evaluate the primary educational system at all levels and could develop their own measures of effectiveness, which would then be related to the standardized tests. The operations of the teams should be open to scientific investigation by anyone not on a rival evaluating team. At the end of each year, a report would be written by the investigators on the workings of all the teams. The investigators should be appointed by the Ethical State if there is not enough feedback from other sources. In this way a body of scientific knowledge on educational evaluation would be developed to enhance the educational process still further.

The profile measures of actual Level of Total Awareness (LTA)and Total Awareness Potential (TAP) should be confined to objectively administered tests. The predicted measures should be identical in form to the evaluative measures. The tests should reflect one hundred graded levels of total awareness up to full understanding of the Basic Program. The evaluating teams would have the responsibility for reporting their theory, methods and findings in the training environment in all schools in the Ethical State. The teams would sponsor experiments to test new educational theories and techniques.

The LTA test would measure, by statistical sampling techniques, the total awareness of each person. That is to say, it would attempt to determine the contours of the awareness ellipsoid of each person. This could be done by categorizing all of human knowledge into reasonably orthogonal components and then sampling the depth of each component. For example, if we take the simple three-dimensional model of total awareness given in Chapter 1, then it is necessary to sample only three dimensions—the physical, the biological and the psychosocial.

The physical can easily be measured by sampling a person's knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, engineering, practical mechanics, carpentry, and so on. Indeed these types of tests already exist in a crude form and are used by schools and the military.

Biological knowledge can be estimated by sampling a person's awareness of botany, zoology, physiology, bacteriology, anatomy, embryology, genetics, molecular biology, horticulture, agriculture, and practical skills such as gardening, hunting, fishing, etc.

Psychosocial knowledge is the most difficult to estimate because there is so little scientific methodology in this area. Almost all knowledge in the psychosocial dimension has a clinical basis. Therefore, it would be necessary to develop a scientific basis of psychosocial knowledge before truly meaningful measures could be taken. Even so, there are areas of psychosocial knowledge that can be evaluated. For example language skills, knowledge of historical facts, artistic proficiency (only in the technical sense), psychophysics, physiological psychology, anthropological facts (including knowledge of religion), commonly accepted courtesies and rules of social conduct, and a knowledge of social science hypotheses and theories in general. In the latter case it is clearly understood that most such theories are speculative and represent facts about how some persons claim people behave rather than about how they do behave. With relatively little effort, it should be possible in time to develop as solid a scientific basis in the psychosocial environment as has begun in biology and has long existed in the physical environment.

The purpose of the TAP tests would be to make predictions of future LTA, given a person's current LTA, age, sex, health, external environment, etc. The only type of test which approaches the intent of the TAP test is the so-called "I.Q." test. This test makes rather crude predictions of future LTA because it is primarily limited to testing primitive Logic and Memory. The total gestalt of intelligence is ignored and consequently I.Q. tests can only make reasonably valid predictions for persons at the lower end of the scale. The current work going on in many universities for measuring Imagination and Will should, in time, enable an Ethical State to develop scientific TAP tests with a high predictive value across a broad spectrum of LTA. It must always be kept in mind that these tests are only valid insofar as they make accurate predictions.

 

Expectations

The primary school system of the Ethical State should adjust in time to the needs of the individual student in order that each student may pursue each subject in a manner and at a pace best suited to him. The objective will be to increase the total awareness of all the students. Some students may finish the Basic Program in ten years or less, other students may spend their whole lives trying to master the lower levels of total awareness. All persons would have the options of 1) working in a field of their choosing; 2) being a subsidized student; or 3) a combination of both. The standardized measures of LTA and TAP will change as better predictive techniques are developed by the examining teams. Eventually there will be very little improvement in the measures themselves and they will tend to become standardized among the teams. The teams will then be evaluated primarily on the basis of how well they implement the measures, although there will always be the possibility of new breakthroughs in measurement techniques which would give a team a dramatic advantage over its competitors.

Once the student finished the basic program, he would be ready to go on to secondary education. Students unlikely to finish the Basic Program during their lifetimes would be given the choice of retaining their subsistence and tuition allowance and continuing the Basic Program indefinitely or finding their own source of support within the Ethical State. A primary student could pursue his studies full or part-time (his subsistence allowance would be prorated accordingly). He could do anything he wished with his non-student time—work, play, or pursue his own interests and studies. Personal freedom for all persons of all ages is central to the Ethical State. The Ethical State, however, would not finance any educational activity for a primary student which did not lead to completion of the Basic Program. Any student finishing the Basic Program at any age could go on to the subsidized Secondary Program or pursue other interests of his choosing. In this way, the Ethical State would encourage but not force the student to become a generalist and maximize his total awareness. Any person could be as narrow and specialized as he chose. He could even be a parasite if someone were willing to support him. The Ethical State would only make it possible for all persons to be generalists; it would not force anyone to be anything he did not wish.

If the resources of the Ethical State are, in the beginning, inadequate to support the primary program for the entire population, then the program could be trimmed by excluding the oldest students with the lowest LTA scores and projected scores, until an economic balance was achieved. The excluded students, when healthy, would have to be able to support themselves within the economic system of the Ethical State. However, any modern, fully-industrialized nation could, in theory, support the full primary education system of the Ethical State with ease. It is only the unscientific, bureaucratized structure of modern society that makes the primary education system of the Ethical State seem infeasible by squandering resources in unethical pursuits.

 

Secondary Education (Proposal 3)

The secondary education of the Ethical State should have the same general objectives as the primary program. The difference now is that the student should be sufficiently aware to have a sense of what is relevant. Each student could now begin to develop depth in any area he chose. He could become highly specialized by studying medicine, architecture, law, mathematics, art, or another profession. He could attend the schools of the secondary system which might be called "universities," or he could work on his own, following his own special interests. The Ethical State should pay the student a subsistence allowance at least equal to the last level of the Basic Program so long as he did not fall below the total awareness level of the Basic Program. If he did, he could re-enter the primary program at whatever level he had reached and re-prepare himself to begin anew. Tuition would be paid by the Ethical State to the universities on the same basis as it was paid to the primary schools, except that the tuition would be paid to the individual student if he chose not to attend a university. If so, he could spend the tuition as he chose so long as he continued to expand his total awareness at a rate comparable to the average university student. Groups of secondary students could pool their individual tuitions and form universities of their own. This process should maximize competition and feedback within the secondary school system.

The universities would be evaluated and accredited analogously to the primary schools on the basis of how effective they were in enhancing the total awareness of their students. The measures of total awareness at the secondary level would be made yearly, as opposed to quarterly, because at this level the students are probably not as sensitive to the perturbations of poor schools as they were in the primary schools. The measures themselves would determine 1) if the student had maintained his awareness of the evolving Basic Program, which would be continuously improved as new knowledge developed; 2) the amount of depth beyond the basic program that he had achieved in any given field; 3) the value of original contributions he might have made to any field, or general problem; 4) the number of different fields in which the student had increased his depth (breadth in many fields would count as much as great depth in only one field); and 5) the student's contributions to the enhancement of total awareness of others by teaching, writing, art or other means. The five measures together would be used in a composite score which would rate the net increase in total awareness brought about by the student's activity and his expected contributions of the next year. The evaluations would be performed by competitive teams of evaluators in a manner completely analogous to the evaluation of the primary education program.

Secondary students whose composite score of total awareness for two consecutive years had placed them, say, in the upper twenty-five percent of the secondary student population would be considered "graduates." They could then go on to become 1) Principal Investigators in the Ethical State's research and development programs, 2) Independent Investigators working on their own or 3) post-graduate students continuing to expand their awareness within the universities. In the latter case, they should be paid a stipend somewhat higher than the highest-ranked secondary student.

Students who were ranked in, say, the lowest ten percent of the secondary school population for four consecutive years should probably no longer be considered secondary students. They could be given the option of 1) remaining at the university as students at a stipend reduced to that of the top primary school level or 2) otherwise supporting themselves within the Ethical State. They could be reinstated as secondary students if for two consecutive years they ranked in the secondary evaluation above the lowest ten percent of the secondary school population.

In this way the best-educated students would become direct contributors and the worst students could continue to educate themselves in their own way until they themselves became direct contributors or chose to work. The entire process should maximize the feedback to both the schools and the students.

 

Research and Development (Proposal 4)

The Ethical State should probably spend about two-fifths of its education budget on research and development. The total education budget should be as large as possible while still allowing the infrastructure of the Ethical State to perform its necessary functions.

The Research and Development budget should be divided into restricted and unrestricted categories. About one-third of the research and development funds should go into the unrestricted category. It would be divided evenly among individual Independent Investigators wishing to do unrestricted work of their own choosing rather than continue their secondary studies. The unrestricted funds could be spent by the recipients in any way they wished, including salary for themselves, creating or sponsoring works of art, theoretical research, publishing, pooling with other Independent Investigators and/or secondary students to finance special research projects, develop inventions, start new industries, etc. The only constraint would be that their activities must in some way enhance the total awareness of humanity. In this way the unrestricted research funds should serve as a strong stimulus to unbureaucratic, creative innovation in the society by broadly-aware persons.

The restricted funds would be spent on research and development projects sponsored by the Chief Executive of the Ethical State. These would be large-scale, long-term efforts in such areas as biophysical neurophysiology, molecular biology, high energy physics, development of fusion power, space exploration, astronomy, and most importantly, psychosocial science. The purpose of these projects would be to lay the theoretical and experimental foundations for the Moral Society.

The technical foundations of the Moral Society will probably be based on 1) a deep and thorough understanding of the psychosocial environment; 2) the development of machine analogues of human intelligence; 3) the harnessing of enormous amounts of easily-controllable energy as in controlled thermonuclear fusion; 4) an understanding of the cosmos (astronomy and space exploration); and 5) a unified evolutionary perspective of time, energy, matter, space, life, and mind. The latter implies a unified approach to studies of matter, life, and mind such as is currently beginning in the fields of molecular biology and biophysical neurophysiology.

The grants for the restricted research and development projects would be given by the Chief Executive to qualified individual Principal Investigators (not organizations) on a competitive basis. Once a grant had been given to a Principal Investigator, he could proceed to complete the project in any way he wished.

The Principal Investigators would be held entirely responsible for the research projects they were controlling. There should be periodic evaluations of the progress of each project. If the progress were unsatisfactory, the Principal Investigator could be fired by the Chief Executive.

Royalties from inventions, books, and other creations resulting from government-sponsored, restricted or unrestricted research and development would be halved between the Ethical State and the responsible Principal Investigators. This would protect the public interest without stifling personal initiative.

 

Higher Evaluation (Proposal 5)

The evaluation of both restricted and unrestricted research should be performed by competitive teams of examiners in a manner completely analogous to the evaluation of primary and secondary education. The Investigators should probably have a general evaluation about every five years. If an Investigator were evaluated by all three teams in a manner which indicated that his work during the next five years might not increase the total awareness of humanity by as much as the work of, say, ninety percent of the other Principal Investigators, then he would be put on probation. If at the end of the next five years the original predictions were proven to be true, and if the new evaluation by the current three examining teams also projected a level of accomplishment in the lower ten percent of the Investigator group, then the Investigator could have his status permanently revoked. Therefore, every Investigator would have about ten years of complete freedom in which to prove his capacity to perform independent research and development or otherwise to create and innovate.

Investigators whose status was revoked should be given a stipend in keeping with their current level of total awareness, but not higher than that of the average secondary student if they chose to return to the university. A former Investigator could supplement or replace his income by teaching or whatever else he might wish to do. Hopefully this process would maintain feedback and natural selection among the Investigators in such a way that their collective total awareness was always increasing. A person might, of course, never choose to be an Investigator, but instead remain in the university expanding his total awareness all his life by formal study, as opposed to creative research. Breadth in many areas would always count as much as depth in a few areas when taking the LTA tests. Such persons would be displaying personal morality, but not very much social morality. Social morality always involves the risks of negative feedback and public censure. Being a student all one's life is not the most ethical course of action. An ethical person must teach and create.

The evaluating teams for both secondary students and Investigators would be managed by Investigators. Many Investigators might not wish to be involved in an evaluating function. If this were the case, they could be drafted by lottery from the class of all Investigators scoring in the upper one tenth percent or so of the population on the LTA tests. The secondary school evaluation managers should probably be taken from the lower fifty percent in LTA of the total Investigator population. The evaluation manager of the Investigators should probably be taken from the upper fifty percent of this population. Drafted evaluators could be required to serve as managers for two years unless dismissed in the interim. Probably no evaluation manager should serve in this position for more than seven years. No one should be drafted for this purpose more than once. As an inducement to attracting high-caliber evaluators, the base salary of the evaluation managers should be about two hundred percent higher than the average Investigator salary.

The tests for determining LTA among the secondary students and the Investigators would be compiled by the Central Education Council of the Ethical State in conjunction with the evaluating teams. The projection techniques could be developed by each evaluating team and should be fully documented in their annual progress report.

 

Rationale

The educational system of the Ethical State is intended 1) to maximize feedback at all levels, 2) to prevent bureaucratization, 3) to remove pressure for specialization, 4) to induce as many persons as possible to expand total awareness continuously under a system of complete personal freedom and 5) to lay the scientific and technical foundations for the Moral Society. It is the purpose of the Ethical State to liberate mankind from bureaucracy and ideology and to allow him to fulfill himself by evolving in freedom toward total awareness.

The educational system as described is, of course, only an outline of how education would be structured in an Ethical State. It communicates the spirit of how the educational process would work rather than the details. The details should be worked out by a more extensive application of science and technology.

The stress on financial inducements to students appears necessary to recondition a hedonistic, materialistic population to value education as an end in itself. After an Ethical State has been established for several generations, the stress on differential financial rewards may probably be relaxed. Moral men need no inducement to expand total awareness.

The educational system of the Ethical State would cost about four hundred billion dollars a year under the present economic system in the United States. Not everyone who could would take full advantage of it. If so, it would cost more. This is less than one-half of the current U.S. gross national product. The rest of the gross national product would be left to finance support functions, consumer goods, entertainment and other activities. Through tax reform it would probably be possible not only to raise the additional funds to finance the educational system but also to stimulate the general economy to produce even more wealth. The creation of a large number of highly-educated generalists with depth would provide obvious direct economic benefits. A major source of income to the Ethical State will result from the elimination of the parasitical bureaucracies which 1) currently consume most of the wealth of society, 2) produce almost nothing of value, and 3) hinder progress. The former employees of the bureaucracies will then be able to support themselves ethically by working or becoming subsidized students.

The primary schools would provide a system of welfare and guaranteed income (i.e., personal security) to those normally incapable of earning a living or supporting their children in a competitive society. Conventional welfare payments to parasitical indigents and bureaucrats only seem to condition them to be even less productive. A universal system of subsidized education would provide dignified welfare to the entire indigent population while training them to be more productive. Almost anyone can be taught almost anything; the individual differences seem to be in the rate at which persons ream.

From a purely economic point of view, education is probably the best possible investment a nation can make. From the Ethical State's point of view, education is an investment it must make. Education is an end in itself. It is the foundation of a Moral Society.

 

Infrastructure of the Ethical State

The infrastructure of the Ethical State would have no other function than to support the educational system. In order for the infrastructure to be vital, it is necessary that it be free. In order that the infrastructure should not become predatory (as is currently happening in the United States) and destroy the Ethical State, it must not be allowed to become bureaucratized or monopolistic. The continuous disbanding of the incipient bureaucracies and the possible monopolies within the otherwise free infrastructure should be one of the main functions of the government of the Ethical State. It would be analogous to the constant pruning and weeding of an orchard in order that the trees may give better and more abundant yields.

 

Industry (Proposal 6)

Industry would have an essentially capitalistic structure in order to maximize feedback. Natural resources (including all land, minerals, radio spectrum, atmosphere, etc.) would belong to the Ethical State.

Their exploitation would be franchised to industry and individuals on a competitive basis (i.e., leased temporarily to the highest qualified bidder). The only limitations put on industry should be 1) no corporations and/or its subsidiaries will be allowed to control more than ten percent of any identifiable market; 2) no corporation will be allowed to advertise its goods and services except by objective, verifiable factual reporting of their characteristics; 3) entertainment will not be allowed to be used for conditioning consumers to prefer one type of goods or service above another; 4) the net profits and/or income of corporations will be taxed at a uniform rate irrespective of how large or small the income; 5) the Ethical State may and should interfere with the activities of any corporation if and only if it can be shown scientifically that these activities will lead to a decrease in total awareness (e.g., pollution).

Monopolies could be prevented by randomly splitting in half any corporation which controls more than ten percent of any identifiable market for more than two consecutive years. The loss in the potentially greater efficiency of very large corporations should be more than made up by the greater feedback of a more competitive industrial system. A corollary of the anti-monopolistic policy is that there should be no collusion between corporations for splitting markets or fixing prices. The reasoning behind this process and the percentages involved is completely analogous to the splitting of successful schools and evaluating teams in the educational system.

In order to maximize feedback at all levels of society, the anti-monopolistic policy should apply to local corporations, such as news media, entertainment media, and all labor unions. The technology and organization of telephone and power utilities would have to accommodate to the need for local competition. The only exception to the anti-monopolistic law should be when its enforcement would leave the consumer with no goods or services of a particular kind. Alleged economies of scale would be sacrificed to maintain feedback. This type of enforced competition together with other features of the Ethical State should serve as an effective bulwark against the internal bureaucratization of corporations.

In order to prevent industry from manipulating the tastes and desires of the population, advertising would have to be of a strictly factual nature with no appeal to the emotions or the consumers' desire for entertainment. This is best illustrated by an example.

An automobile manufacturer in advertising his product would only be able to discuss technically and objectively the dimensions of the automobile, its weight, performance, materials, guarantee, price, maintenance requirements, etc. No other inducements would be allowed. The advertisement could not be placed in an entertainment context such as in a television play or a magazine which is primarily fiction.

In order to protect the Ethical State from corporate predation and maximize the efficiency of the system, there should be three competitive evaluating teams to supervise the operations of the corporations. The teams would objectively and scientifically measure the output, both beneficial and deleterious, of the corporations and make projections of new output. The evaluating teams should recommend controls for lowering the deleterious output while maintaining or improving beneficial output. The teams themselves would be evaluated by the Chief Executive of the Ethical State on the basis of the efficacy of their predictions and recommendations. The losing team would be disbanded periodically while the winning team multiplied in a competitive process completely analogous to the educational evaluating teams. The evaluating teams should not interfere directly with the internal operations of the corporations. Corporations which continued their deleterious outputs (particularly pollutants) in excess of the predetermined standards should be disbanded. Their market would be absorbed by their competitors. The corporations acquiring more than ten percent of the market could then be split in half in the regular anti-monopolistic fashion.

In order to equalize the competition in the Ethical State, the taxation policy should be uniform throughout in its application to corporations and individuals. The tax laws should apply to any organization or individual collecting revenue except, of course, the government itself. There should be no tax-exempt organizations (including religions and foundations). Organizations which collected no revenue would, of course, not be taxed; neither would student stipends be taxed. The net income should be taxed whether the income is obtained in money, property or services. No deductions would be allowed. Property itself should not be taxed except when it is sold and/or transferred. When it is sold, the excess in price over cost should be taxed as regular income to the seller. When it is transferred, the current market price of the property, irrespective of what the transferee may have paid for the property, should be considered as income to the person or corporation receiving the property. There should be no other kinds of taxes unless they can be scientifically shown to be more effective in expanding the total awareness of the society than the apparently simple and equitable tax structure outlined above.

The tax rate should be as high as possible to support the educational system. The Ethical State should alter the tax rates whenever it wishes to modify the economy. The objective would be to maximize the income to the educational system. Sometimes this could best be achieved by lowering the tax rate in order to stimulate industry and have a larger net income to tax at a lower rate. At other times the Ethical State could best accomplish its purposes by raising the taxes. Industry should have no illusions about its function. It would serve only to support the educational system with goods, services, and taxes. The strength and viability of industry would be essential to the Ethical State, but it would only be one of many ethical means for achieving total awareness.

Shared royalties (fifty percent) from inventions, writings, and other creations subsidized by the Ethical State, together with competitive fees from leasing and franchising the natural resources, should be the only source of income to the Ethical State other than the income tax. The government should not engage in industrial activity unless there is no private initiative in a required area. Government-sponsored industry should compete on an equal basis with private industry, including the observance of anti-monopolistic laws. Any production of goods and services other than Education, Entertainment, and the Military would be considered Industry This would include, for example, medical care, lending money, and personal services. The Chief Executive should control the money supply and he could print additional money when this was in the economic interest of the Ethical State.

The foregoing much simplified structure of Industry is intended to be in keeping with the ethical principles previously derived; however, it may contain errors which should be corrected when they are perceived.

 

Entertainment (Proposal 7)

In order to keep art free and maximize feedback, entertainment should be treated as a type of industry. The same laws which apply to Industry should, therefore, apply to Entertainment. The objective of the Ethical State should be to have as broad a spectrum of entertainment as possible to meet the varied tastes of its citizens. At the same time the entertainment media should be used to enhance the total awareness of the population. Television and radio programs can probably best accomplish this purpose if they are paid for directly by the consumer, i.e., Pay Television and not paid for by advertisers.

In order to maintain variety and feedback, there should be at least ten nation-wide television networks. Three of the networks should be designated "educational networks." They would be required to have entertainment which reflected the tastes of that portion of the population which scores in the upper one-tenth percent on the LTA tests. The upper one-tenth percent is chosen to assure high awareness yet have a sufficiently large sample to reflect a wide variety of tastes. Hopefully this would serve to help raise the artistic tastes of the rest of the population and to expand their total awareness. Three networks would be required to have children's programs with a high educational content. The programs on the children's networks would be screened by the Central Education Council. One network would be operated directly by the Ethical State for purposes of public information. Three networks would be allowed to show anything they wished, including denunciations of the Ethical State, its principles, and its leaders. These would be the general networks.

The radio spectrum for the communications media, as all natural resources, would belong to the Ethical State which would franchise it conditionally to the highest bidder under the constraints given above. The educational networks would be surveyed to determine what percentage of the population with an LTA score in the upper one-tenth percent watched the programs. The network with the lowest cumulative score each year would be "resold" to the highest bidder and all employees dismissed. The new operator of the network could not rehire any of the former employees for at least one year, although other networks could hire these persons. If one network had the highest ratings for two consecutive years, it should have its staff and management split randomly in half. One-half should continue with the winning network. The other half of the staff should be leased the disbanded network at the same rate as the winning network is leased to their former co workers. This should prevent bureaucratization and maximize feedback as in the educational and industrial systems.

The children's networks and general networks would go through the same yearly filtering process. The former will be polled for the percentage of all children watching; the latter will be polled for the total audience watching. A similar filtering process would apply to the radio networks and local radio and TV stations.

In the area of films, books, records, and art in general, the Ethical State would exercise no control at all except the anti-monopoly regulations. All persons would have the right to free expression except that persons who libel would be subject to criminal prosecution. The Ethical State could interfere with free expression only when it had shown scientifically, by controlled experiments, that some types of forced expression were reducing the collective total awareness of the population. It is not likely that any kind of entertainment or propaganda in a free society could, in general, decrease the total collective awareness. Persons who respond positively to ideology and destructive propaganda seem to do so because of an aberration in themselves, not necessarily the perniciousness of the arguments.

 

The Military (Proposal 8)

The Military would serve to protect the Ethical State from external and internal predators. It could also serve to expand the Ethical State at the direction of the Chief Executive. When all of humanity is united, the role of the Military would be greatly reduced and it would be used mainly for protection against criminals.

All members of the Military would be employees of the Ethical State. They would swear an oath to uphold and defend the constitution of the Ethical State and to obey its laws and constitutional representatives. There would be two, and only two, completely independent nationwide military organizations. Each should be under complete control of the Chief Executive of the Ethical State. The Ethical State should use each organization to test the effectiveness of the other. The two organizations would have identical budgets which they could spend in any way they wished to produce any mixture of men and materiel. They would be given comparable rotating areas of the Ethical State to defend from internal predators. They would also have yearly competitive maneuvers and war games which would be refereed by the Chief Executive of the Ethical State. The military organization showing itself to be least effective would periodically (at least once every five years, for example) have the upper five percent by rank of its members dismissed. An equal number of personnel chosen at random from, say, at least the upper ten percent by rank of the rival military organization would replace them. Then the competition would begin anew. All members of the Military should be volunteers except perhaps the top one-tenth percent by rank who under wartime conditions could be appointed, by drafting if necessary, from the portion of the population which scores in the upper one tenth percent on the LTA tests. These appointments would be for a minimum of two years. The appointees should probably not be allowed to remain more than seven years. This would maintain feedback in the military system and hopefully prevent bureaucratization. A more drastic anti-bureaucratic system similar to the industrial anti-monopolistic structure would probably not be economically or militarily feasible.

The salary of the Military would have to be equal to whatever inducement it would take to make persons volunteer. The drafted officers would have commensurate salaries. It is unethical to restrain personal freedom for the cause of economic or socio-political expediency.

During wartime, the two organizations could be combined into a single, unified Military directly under the command of the Chief Executive of the Ethical State. The encounter with the enemy should provide adequate feedback. During peace, the Military would always be split into two rival organizations.

The structure of the Military, as all government teams, would be such that any person could hire and fire anyone who reported directly to him. There would be no "unions" in government teams. A person fired could appeal to the superior of the one who fired him. If his appeal were not considered valid, he would have no other recourse. Criminal proceedings against military personnel for violation of either military or civil law will be subject to all the guarantees of civil rights and will be tried in civil courts. All this seems necessary to maintain feedback and avoid bureaucratization.

 

Government of the Ethical State

In formulating a government for the Ethical State it is necessary 1) to keep the ethical principles of the society in the forefront and 2) to guard against the bureaucratic corruption to which all organizations are prone. It is, therefore, desirable that the government be effective but also that a system for preventing personal corruption be present. The democratic government of the United States (at the Federal level) has to a great extent avoided gross personal corruption but it has become a captive of bureaucratic corruption which has led to an almost complete control over the system by indecent men.

It appears that the democratic process helps prevent total personal corruption in government. Some other forms of government may be in some way superior to democracy, but they usually lead to personal corruption. The Ethical State in order to be effective must make it possible for the most ethical persons in society to become the leaders. This apparently can only be accomplished by eliminating the corrupt bureaucracies of the political parties. However, in order to prevent the nation from falling into the hands of dictators who inevitably become personally corrupt, it will be necessary to maintain a democratic structure without political parties. This apparently can be done only by inhibiting the freedom of those who would form a political party de facto or de jure.

Therefore, in order for the Ethical State to function as a free, democratic and unbureaucratic society, it seems essential to curb that part of personal freedom which leads to formation of political parties. This can be done in such a way that the total net personal freedom of each person is in effect greater than in any bureaucratic society.

The following sections describe a system of government which should accomplish those objectives. As all sections in this book, they should be read in terms of preliminary hypotheses and not assertions of ultimate truth. The following governmental structure represents only one experimental approach to an Ethical State. Other approaches are certainly possible. However, before discussing the governmental structure in some detail, a word about the value of science and ethics in selecting leaders is in order.

 

Selection

It is probable that in any democratic society most persons would agree that the best persons in the society should be the leaders. They would agree on this although very few would agree on what constituted "best." In discussing "best" most persons would probably give many criteria which would somewhere include the notion of "awareness," although it might not be called that. Almost all persons would also probably agree that the leaders should be moral men, although again they would differ on what constituted "morality."

The intuitive notions of what constitutes a "good," i.e., ethical leader are therefore probably compatible, although not in an obvious way, with the logical evolutionary notions of ethics and morality derived in Part I. According to the ethical theory, a necessary but not sufficient condition for morality is that the person be highly aware, i.e., that he be a generalist with depth. Therefore, although we are not likely to develop a scientific test that can measure morality directly, we can certainly develop a scientific test for estimating the breadth and depth of a person's total awareness. A first filter for enhancing the probability of having good leaders is, therefore, that they be among the most broadly and deeply aware generalists in the population. Identifying the persons should be rather easy to do with scientific LTA tests.

However, a person may be broadly aware and still be prone to unethical behavior, as was Leibniz. For this reason, there should be another element in the selective process of the leaders which cannot be reduced to an objective test. That element is morality.

Morality cannot yet be measured objectively, but it can certainly be sensed. Moral men produce a field effect which is immediately perceptible. Immoral persons find them disturbing and try to avoid them. Other moral persons and ethical children seem to be immediately attracted to them. Therefore, moral men seem always to come to the forefront in revolutionary times and to be overshadowed by the entrenched bureaucracies in peacetime. An analysis of democratic electorates would probably show that when the voters are given a clear choice, they will usually choose the most ethical candidate. The problem in a bureaucracy is that voters are never given a clear choice but are forced to choose between two unethical candidates. They end up choosing what seems to be the lesser of two evils.

Good government can only exist when there are good leaders. Good leaders are always generalists. Generalists are always ethical if not always moral. Therefore, the government of the Ethical State should consist of highly-aware generalists chosen in free democratic elections. The potential candidates themselves could be chosen on the basis of objective LTA tests. This would assure a slate of ethical candidates. Given this true choice, the electorate will hopefully elect the most ethical candidates.

The government of the Ethical State must, therefore, be structured so that such a system would work. If the system is to continue to work, it must avoid the pitfalls of the past. It must have built-in safeguards against the bureaucratization which in time would assure that the government fell into immoral hands, as has happened in every other democracy in history.

 

Safeguards

One of the reasons that democratic government tends to become bureaucratized and immoral is that almost all of the elected leaders are men. Even when highly moral, men tend to have a low component of social morality. In a free competition of total awareness on LTA tests women might not be able to score as highly as men—not necessarily because women are less intelligent than men, but because evolutions seems to have concentrated personal morality in the male and social morality in the female.

For example, less than five percent of the scientists in the United States are women, although over one-third of all college graduates are women. In Russia, social and economic pressure drives more women to become scientists, but even there they are usually second-raters and not significant contributors. They tend to do the more routine work and not the original research.

Throughout history there does not appear to be a single outstanding woman generalist or great creative artist. Women have taken very little advantage of the tremendous educational opportunities offered to them in the United States and the other democracies in the last fifty years. When women are highly intelligent and well educated, they seem invariably to be highly specialized. They are usually, but certainly not always, scientific illiterates. Therefore, it seems unlikely that women could compete effectively against men in objective LTA tests.

The lowest one percent in the LTA tests would probably be mostly men. However, the highest one percent in the LTA tests would probably also be mostly men. Women are almost never as extreme in their ethical behavior as men. They are rarely the great moral forces in history neither are they the immoral tyrants. Men are more given to extremes of both stupidity and brilliance.

If the Ethical State is to remain ethical, it will have to combine in the leadership the social morality of women and the personal morality of men. The Ethical State as the evolutionary extension of the immediate family will have to incorporate its ethical structure. Men and women will have to complement each other and not compete against one another. This can be done only by bringing the same type of love to the extended family as has made the immediate family the fountainhead of morality. Therefore, the leadership at all levels of the Ethical State must be composed of both men and women working together and not competing against each other.

A matriarchy is probably always a highly conservative society with few excesses of immorality but little progress. A patriarchy, which has been the form of most governments throughout history, is a society given to great progress for brief periods but eventually ending in total immoral decay. An Ethical State governed jointly by men and women should combine the best features of both forms. The men will assure continued imaginative progress through their personal morality. The women will guard against ethical mistakes through their social morality. The Ethical State should be guided by an ethical heterosexual government. Men and women are essential complements to one another. It is unethical to divide them and make them compete.

 

Constitution

The following sections may be regarded as a constitution for the Ethical State. The constitution, together with the sections on Education, Industry, Entertainment and the Military, communicates the spirit of an Ethical State. Although the overall structure of an Ethical State may at first appear contrary to many persons' intuitive notions of what is right and proper for a nation, the Ethical State, as here described, represents an integration of the ethical theory in Part I and a recognition of the dangers and pitfalls given in Part II. This is one alternative to our present society. It is the duty of anyone who can present a better alternative to do so as soon as possible. The human race probably does not have long to debate over the alternatives to the obviously suicidal society which is leading mankind to destruction.

The following constitution was written in assertive terms as if everything were finally decided. This was done to make it understandable and unambiguous, not because all problems were firmly resolved. Any or all parts of the constitution may contain ethical errors that can be corrected by persons with better information today or when more meaningful feedback is developed in our society.

 

Elections and Appointments (Proposal 9)

The basic structure of the Government shall be democratic except that:

• 1) Candidates for any public office as well as appointees must consist of male-female pairs. The male must have a current composite LTA score higher than the upper one-tenth percent of the male population on the LTA tests. The female must score in the upper one-tenth percent of the female population. All candidates must have so scored for at least two consecutive years prior to being a candidate. Standards may be lowered until two qualified candidate pairs for each office are found. No other restrictions on candidates' qualifications shall exist. The male candidate and female candidate in each pair may choose each other on any basis they wish. They need not be married to one another. Once elected, they shall function as a unit with no decisions being made unless both agree. If one member of the pair becomes incapacitated, the entire pair is considered incapacitated. A person may be elected or appointed to one and only one seven-year term for any given office. He may not be appointed or elected to a new office until two years after his last term of office has expired. Once a person is elected or appointed to a public office he is given a life-time pension which assures him an income equal to the upper one-tenth percent of the general population. He may never again receive income from any other source.
• 2) There shall be no restrictions on age, sex, race or any characteristics for individual voters. It is the intention of this provision to have a clear majority of the intellectually-mature population represented in the electorate. Age is considered of secondary importance to intellectual maturity. Anyone who has the interest to vote should be allowed to vote in person by a secret ballot. No one should ever be forced to vote.
• 3) There shall be no political parties or other bureaucracies for helping elect individuals to public office. However, organized campaigns on specific issues will be allowed in complete freedom. No one shall in any way directly help or hinder a candidate in achieving elected office. (It is the intention of this provision and those that follow that competition for public office shall be entirely an individual affair devoid of any organizational support or hindrance. This is to prevent the formation of either de lure or de facto political bureaucracies.)
• 4) Candidate-pairs for public office announce their candidacy two years in advance of the election. Exceptions will be in emergency elections when the incumbent pair has been suddenly removed from office by death or other events. Once a candidacy has been announced, no direct or indirect mention of the candidate in the communications media or other public area may be made.
• 5) Candidate-pairs shall limit their campaigns to:
• a) A biography to be prepared by each member of the pair. The candidates may put whatever facts they wish in their biographies but they must include their LTA composite scores and profiles for the last five years. The biographies should be concise.
• b) An extemporaneous essay on an unannounced, important subject, which shall be chosen by the Central Education Council. The candidate-pairs shall write the essay in a standardized test situation and immediately record it on video tape.
• c) The candidate-pairs may prepare a joint position paper at their leisure on any subject(s) they wish. This paper should be concise. It should include a summary.
• d) Each candidate's biography, essay, video tape and position paper will be made available to the entire relevant electorate at Government expense.
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• 6) Any candidate-pair which receives more than fifty percent of the votes in any election shall be considered the winner and elected to the office in question. If no candidate-pair receives a majority, there will be a run-off election.
• 7) The two candidate-pairs for each office with the highest total number of votes in the primary election shall campaign in a run-off election paid for entirely by the Government.
• 8) The run-off election campaign shall consist of several free debates (i.e., not restricted as to subject) between the candidates and several debates on important topics chosen by the Central Education Council. The debates, each at least one hour long, shall be put on the Govemment, TV and radio channels. They shall also be objectively reported in their entirety in all the appropriate media. No public comment may be made on the debates by journalists or anyone else until after the election. The debates shall be refereed and supervised by the Central Education Council and/or their representatives. They shall be conducted in a way that is objectively fair to both candidate-pairs.
• 9) Any qualified person may be a candidate for any public office, but not more than one office at a time.
• 10) All public officials elected or appointed must take an oath to defend and uphold the Constitution of the Ethical State.
• 11) Any appointed or elected official may be removed from office at any time by a vote of fifty percent of the relevant electorate. A recall vote will be held any time that ten percent of the electorate signs a petition to that effect.
 


Political Divisions (Proposal 10)

The Ethical State shall be divided into one hundred compactly contiguous senatorial districts with approximately equal populations. One, and only one, senator-pair shall be elected from each senatorial district at a time. Each senatorial district shall be divided into an appropriate number of compactly contiguous metropolitan areas. One and only one mayor-pair shall be elected from each metropolitan area. All political subdivisions shall be formed at least two years prior to each election under the direction of the President-pair.

 


The Presidency (Proposal 1l)

There shall be one, and only one, President-pair at a time. The President-pair shall normally be the Chief Executive of the Ethical State. The pair shall have full executive and legislative powers to pass and execute any laws it wishes, except laws which violate the Constitution of the Ethical State. The pair may amend the Constitution of the Ethical State only with the consent of three-quarters of all currently-elected senator-pairs. It shall be the direct principal responsibility of the President-pair, within the constraints of the Constitution, to maximize the total awareness of the human race and to engender the Moral Society. The President-pair may 1) raise and spend the income of the Ethical State; 2) draft appropriate persons to appointive office when necessary (only persons scoring in the upper one-tenth percent on the LTA scores are subject to the draft); 3) exercise complete ethical control (i.e., fire and hire, determine salaries, etc.) over all government employees; and 4) otherwise constitutionally and ethically control the educational system and infrastructure of the Ethical State. The President-pair may be removed from office at any time by voice vote of three-quarters of all currently elected senator-pairs. If the President-pair is removed from office or if one member of the pair dies or becomes incapacitated for a prolonged period, then all the powers of the President-pair shall pass to the Chairman (a pair) of the Senate. The Chairman-pair shall be the Chief Executive until a new President-pair is elected at the earliest possible date but never later than one year after removing the last President-pair. The Chairman of the Senate is not eligible to be elected President until two years after the pair's term of office has expired. The acting President is responsible for organizing and supervising all elections. The President-pair may in no way interfere with the freedom and activities of the Senate or individual senators. To do so automatically disqualifies the President-pair for office and its authority automatically becomes vested in the Chairman of the Senate. The President-pair is obligated to cooperate with the Senate in all matters pertaining to the welfare of the Ethical State and to listen to the Senate's advice.

The President-pair shall be obliged personally to deliver at least once a month a progress report in the form of a news conference to the entire electorate. This conference shall be reported in the news media and delivered "live" by the President-pair on the public communications channels. The President-pair shall also have access to the public communications channels at other times. The public communications channels shall be split by time on a random basis each month with fifty percent of the time going to the President-pair and fifty percent to the Senate. The President-pair shall periodically give to the electorate an evaluation of the activities of each senator-pair.

 


The Senate (Proposal 12)

The Senate has the principal responsibility of evaluating the performance of the President-pair and guiding policy. The Senate has full authority to investigate all activities of the Presidency. The Senate may demand from the President-pair and spend whatever income it needs to support its activities. The Senate will formulate its own rules and procedures. Each senator-pair must have a rank which determines how close it is to the chairmanship of the Senate. At the first Senate meeting the senator-pairs will be ranked by composite LTA score. Lots will be cast when there are ties. The highest ranking senator-pair will be the Chairman. The Senate has the power to remove all public officials, the President-pair, any judge-pair, mayor-pair, etc., from office by a three-quarters vote of all currently-elected senator-pairs. Each senator-pair member shall be immune from arrest for any crime and may not have his personal freedom and powers of investigation interfered with in any way while holding office. The Senate itself may, however, police its own members if it wishes. Senate rules and activities must always reflect the will of the majority of the Senate. Individual senators may act in any way they wish outside the Senate. The senatorial elections shall be divided between the senatorial districts in such a way that every year at least one-tenth of the Senate is in the process of being elected. The Chairman of the Senate is obliged to give monthly reports to the nation on the activities of the Senate and its evaluation of the President-pair. Each senator-pair is obliged to publish a monthly newsletter explaining its activities to its constituents and reflecting its personal evaluation of the President. The President-pair shall have competitive investigative teams which issue reports to the electorate on the activities of each senator. The senators must be reasonably responsive to the demands of their constituents.

 


Metropolitan Mayors (Proposal 13)

Mayor-pairs shall have complete administrative and legislative authority in their metropolitan area. They shall be elected by the electorate of the metropolitan area they will administer and no other electorate. A mayor-pair shall be subject to the authority of the President. The pair may be summarily dismissed from office by the President-pair or by a vote of three-quarters of the Senate. The mayor-pairs may administer their areas as they see fit so long as the policies of the President-pair are implemented. If and when there is a conflict, Presidential policy shall always take precedence over local policy. The budget of each metropolitan area shall be set by the President-pair. It is the responsibility of the mayor-pairs and the appropriate senators to see that the Presidential policy and budget meets the needs of their constituents. Both the President-pair and the Senate may perform evaluative functions within the metropolitan areas.

 


The Judiciary (Proposal 14)

The Judiciary shall be appointed (by drafting for two years when necessary) by the President with the advice — but not necessarily the consent — of the senator-pair and the mayor-pair of the area where the judge-pair shall exercise its authority.

The Senate shall maintain three competitive examining teams to evaluate all judges. The teams shall operate analogously to the educational evaluating teams. Their analyses will be reported periodically (at least once a year) by the Senate.

Each judge-pair shall decide issues involving conflicts between persons, government and/or corporations, also issues of local, presidential or constitutional law. The decision of any judge-pair may be appealed to two more judge-pairs. The decision of the majority of the three judge-pairs is final in civil cases. In criminal cases all three judge-pairs must find the accused guilty or he will be considered innocent. There shall be no double jeopardy in criminal cases (i.e., appealing can only reduce a sentence, never increase it). Judicial decisions shall be based on the special merits of each individual case. The basic criterion for each decision shall be what course of action will enhance the totality of human awareness. There shall be no rigid adherence to the letter of any law unless it favors the accused. Justice will be based on ethics and not necessarily on laws. The basic intent of the Ethical State — the expansion of total awareness — should be uppermost in each judge's mind when making decisions. Therefore, the judge-pairs shall be more like philosophers and psychosocial scientists than lawyers.

 


The Central Education Council (Proposal 15)

The President-pair shall appoint qualified male-female pairs to a Central Education Council subject to confirmation by at least fifty percent of the Senate. There shall be eleven chairs on the Council. Ten of the chairs shall be reserved for the following broad categories: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, history and social analysis (includes all psychosocial sciences other than psychology), astronomy (includes all studies of outerspace), engineering, art (includes literature, music, painting, etc.) and philosophy. Each appointed pair must be distinguished in the subject matter of each chair. The eleventh chair on the Council will be filled by an outstanding generalist-pair chosen by the other Council members. The generalist-pair shall be the Chairman of the Council.

The Council shall formulate its own rules of operation. All decisions of the Council must be reached through majority vote. The Chairman of the Council shall guide their activities and be responsible for their actions.

The Council shall formulate in secret the yearly standardized LTA and TAP tests. The Council shall also help formulate and recommend educational policy for the Ethical State. It shall evaluate and criticize the entire educational system and the supporting infrastructure in terms of their effectiveness for expanding total awareness. It shall screen for acceptability all children's television programs. The workings of the Council shall be open to Presidential and Senatorial investigation with the exception of the creation of the yearly LTA and TAP tests. Once the LTA tests have been administered under the Council's direction, then the etiology of the tests may be analyzed by the President and the Senate.

In order to accomplish its tasks the Council shall have an unlimited expense account which must be met by the President. The Council is empowered to muster any resources it needs to accomplish its purposes — including the ordering of Presidential drafts for personnel.

While in office, Council members are immune from arrest or any interference with their public or private lives by agents of the President or the Senate. At least one chair of the Council must be filled with a new pair each year.

 


Laws (Proposal 16)

In criminal cases all accused persons shall be considered innocent until unanimously declared guilty by three judge-pairs. All persons shall have a right to a speedy trial. There shall be a sufficient number of judge-pairs to make this possible. Any accused person in a criminal case shall have the right to retain any counsel willing to defend him at standardized rates to be paid entirely by the Ethical State.

There shall be no punishment of convicted criminals other than exile. Exile may be imposed only on unethical persons who are proven incorrigible detractors from the general welfare. Reasonable effort should be made to rehabilitate criminals before imposing exile. When a person has been exiled, he or his descendants may petition any judge-pair for readmission to the Ethical State on the basis that they shall desist from diminishing the general total awareness.

Even when the Ethical State is a world government, a viable region shall be set aside where voluntary and imposed exiles from the Ethical State may live in a civilized manner and do as they please. The only limitation will be that they can in no way threaten the inhabitants or otherwise interfere with the welfare of the Ethical State. The Military of the Ethical State shall supervise the exiles and enforce the laws. Within the confines of the exiles' region, the laws of the Ethical State (except for threat and interference) shall not apply and exiles will make their own laws if they wish. Exiles who return to the Ethical State illegally or otherwise threaten the Ethical State shall be subject to re-exile or exile to an island from which escape is more difficult. The latter shall be done only if three judge-pairs unanimously determine that the person is incorrigible and should not be re exiled in the normal manner. There shall be no other forms of punishment and no imprisonment except for persons in the process of being exiled. The Military will carry out the exile orders as quickly as possible and interfere as little as possible with the exile's personal freedom.

The Ethical State shall maintain observers in the place of exile in an attempt to learn from the exiles' independent development. The exiles will be a source of feedback to the Ethical State.

No laws shall be formulated except those which can logically be shown to be necessary for the enhancement of total awareness in the Ethical State and the creation of a Moral Society. No ear post facto laws shall be passed. All laws shall become automatically invalid in seven years unless the assumptions underlying their creation have been substantiated scientifically.

 


Civil Rights (Proposal 17)

All citizens of the Ethical State have the right to personal freedom and equal treatment under the law. Any person may do and say whatever he wishes so long as he does not in the process interfere with the right of another person to do and say as he pleases. When there is a conflict, the issues shall be settled by common law and/or the judicial process.

No laws shall be passed interfering with freedom of expression, except for the following:

a) Libel and slander (deliberate or unintentional falsehoods about other persons).

b) Propagandizing in public for or against individual political candidates. Issues and persons not candidates for office may be discussed in complete freedom.

c) Forced subjection to the unwanted expression of others (e.g., public disturbances, esthetic or ecological pollution, personal assault, fraud, stealing, deleterious goods and services, etc.).

d) Non-factual or misleading advertising of goods and services.

Taking into account the above restrictions, every metropolitan area shall maintain at public expense a suitable meeting place where any person may publicly express his opinions on any subject at any time including denunciations of the Ethical State and its leaders.

All persons shall be entitled to an adequate subsistence allowance while expanding their total awareness or the awareness of others at a satisfactory rate. The rate which is satisfactory shall be limited only by the availability of resources. When the resources are adequate, all persons shall be entitled to the student subsistence allowance. When the resources are more limited, the oldest, slowest persons in the process of expanding awareness shall have their subsistence allowance limited to the minimum for maintaining life and health if they cannot otherwise support themselves, until an economic balance is established. Healthy persons not willing to expand awareness or support themselves shall be subject to exile.

The Ethical State shall support an educational system which shall enable all persons to educate themselves indefinitely in the manner that was indicated in the section on education. The prime criterion for support shall be effectiveness of the educational activity in augmenting the collective ability of the Ethical State to predict and control its total environment.

The Ethical State shall neither support nor impede any ideology, art form, educational system or personal behavior unless it can be demonstrated scientifically through controlled experimentation that these activities have a significant effect on the total awareness of the population. In that case it shall be the obligation of the Ethical State to support activities which enhance total awareness and to correct public activities which diminish awareness.

A person's life belongs entirely to himself except for voluntary commitments. The Ethical State may not interfere with private voluntary behavior even when such behavior is deleterious to the person(s) involved. Those who will not play the Game of Life must be allowed to destroy themselves. To attempt to preserve them is to increase man's entropy. It is unethical to protect immoral persons from their own entropy.

No person shall be forced into involuntary servitude for any purposes, private or public, except by previous mutual agreement. All persons scoring in the upper one-tenth percent of the population in the LTA tests shall be subject to Presidential draft to high, well-paid appointive office purposes of expanding and/or preserving the total awareness of the Ethical State. All persons shall be required to take the LTA tests. All persons shall be free to avoid the tests and the draft by going into exile at any time. A person may avoid the draft by deliberately scoring below the upper one-tenth percent of the general population on the LTA tests.

 


Eugenics

Eugenics is an effort to improve the quality of the human race directly by controlling the kinds and numbers of human beings. The human population cannot be allowed to increase indefinitely so long as resources are limited. Through the President, the Ethical State shall direct a universal eugenics program to enhance the expansion of total awareness.

The Ethical State shall not attempt to control the activities of persons so long as these activities are private and reflect the mutual consent of the parties involved. Marriage, the absence of marriage, or any type of sexual behavior shall be an entirely private matter when it involves only mutually-consenting persons. The production of children, however, is not a private matter since it directly affects the collective total awareness. Each new person consumes resources, produces pollutants and will expand or diminish in varying degrees the total awareness of the human race. It is the obligation of the Ethical State to help each new person contribute to the maximization of total awareness.

 


Uniform Birth Control (Proposal 18)

If the hypothesis of the extreme Left is correct, then the problem of eugenics is a relatively simple matter which involves only the application of a uniform birth-control law to the entire population. Since under the extreme leftist hypothesis there is no genetic basis whatever to differential human behavior (e.g., LTA and TAP scores), then eugenics is merely a problem of keeping the population down to a sufficiently low level that the consumption of resources and the production of pollution is not so great as to hinder the constant expansion of total awareness. In this case, the Ethical State need only license the number of children a woman will bear on the same basis for all women. When a woman has reached her quota, which might change periodically, she will have to stop having children.

This can be done by voluntary birth control techniques combined with abortions for women who become "accidentally" pregnant after having borne their full quota of children. A simpler technique might be for a woman to have her Fallopian tubes tied. This would in no way alter her endocrine balance or her sexual behavior. Insofar as monogamous mating, in contrast to the currently expanding patterns of serial and group polygamy, becomes the voluntary pattern of sexual behavior in the Ethical State, the simplest technique of birth control will be to perform a vasectomy on the male partner in a monogamous couple. This simple operation will in no way affect the male's normal sexual behavior or endocrine balance. In any case, the form of birth control should be a voluntary choice on the part of the persons involved. Persons unwilling to limit their families will always have the option of going into exile.

If the hypothesis of the extreme Left is false, then the problem of eugenics is much more complex. If there is any genetic basis whatever to human behavior in general and the innate potential to expand total awareness in particular then a selective birth control program is essential or the entropy of the human race will continue to increase. This is the case because mutations cannot be stopped and most mutations are deleterious. Spontaneous mutability is inherent in the DNA molecule. Only natural selection reduces entropy in a species by assuring the survival of the most aware.

 


Selective Birth Control (Proposal 19)

A selective birth control program would be one consistent with the evolutionary force. It would increase the fitness of the most aware at the cost of the fitness of the least aware. This would mean, in effect, that those persons most likely to produce children who would have a very low innate potential for expanding total awareness would be required to avoid having any children. Persons most likely to produce children with a very high innate potential to expand total awareness would be given incentives by the Ethical State to bear as many children as possible. Incentives could take the form of increased subsistence allowances for each child born, paid servants, subsidized large-scale housing and so on. Persons between the two extremes would be treated in an intermediate fashion.

The difficulty arises in measuring innate potential for increasing awareness. The phenotype of all organisms is almost certainly a reflection of both genetic and environmental factors. In any given individual, it is often impossible to separate the different causes of the phenotype. However, in populations, not individuals, the differential effect of heredity and environment can be determined statistically by a straightforward technique (analysis of variance) used in conjunction with controlled experiments. Therefore, while we may not know with certainty the exact causes for the phenotype of a person, we can know the general reasons for differences in phenotype between statistically-defined populations.

Within the modern, fully-industrialized and at least partially socialized countries of North America and Western Europe, considerable evidence already exists that differential "I.Q. test" scores are determined primarily by differential heredity (eighty percent heritability). I.Q. scores are very crude measures of TAP. Recalling the simple model of intelligence in Chapter 2, we see that I.Q. tests at best measure little more than some limited aspects of Information, Memory, and Logic. The other components of intelligence, particularly Imagination and Will, are left mostly untested. In spite of this, I.Q. test scores, particularly consistent very low scores (under ninety on Stanford-Binet), are good predictors of future LTA.t Persons with I.Q.'s below ninety almost never contribute directly to the expansion of total awareness. At best they seem to serve in a support capacity by performing services that will allow higher I.Q. persons to devote a larger percentage of their time to

expanding total awareness. I.Q. scores are almost entirely useless for predicting differential LTA at the higher levels. The expected differential future LTA is virtually the same whether a person has an I.Q. of one hundred thirty or one hundred seventy. These results may be interpreted as follows:

Genetically-determined Imagination and Will are uncorrelated to Logic and Memory. A person needs a minimum level of Logic and Memory to increase significantly his LTA and the total awareness of the human race. This level is probably higher than that indicated by an I.Q. of ninety, but probably need not be much higher than that indicated by an I.Q. of one hundred and thirty. At I.Q. levels higher than one hundred and thirty, Imagination and Will become the most important components of Intelligence for expanding total awareness.

Information is primarily an environmental phenomenon (except for instinct) and apparently has little genetic basis. It may be, however, that the molecular structure of Memory, which is genetically based, may facilitate the absorption of some types of information and hinder the absorption of other types.

The environment in most of modern North America and Western Europe is such that important Information is readily available to all. It is easier for some than others to obtain important Information (i.e., education opportunities) but for persons with a moderately high innate Logic, Memory, Imagination and Will, the environment poses no serious obstacles.

Insofar as Sensors and Effectors are concerned, there appears to be much less significant variability in the innate quality of these characteristics than in the other components. This is probably due to the fact that science and technology have greatly reduced the need for high-quality, innate Sensors and Effectors.. Today, unlike in the past, it is possible to be almost totally deaf, blind and unathletic and still be highly proficient at predicting and controlling the total environment, e.g. Helen Keller. In other words, science and technology have made most differences in genetically-determined Sensor and Effector quality relatively insignificant. Ironically, science and technology have made genetically-determined differences in Memory, Logic, Imagination and Will even more important than in the past.

Connectors seem to be discretely effective entities. That is to say, either a person has totally effective Connectors or he is almost totally disabled and unfit. Connectors, therefore, seem to have the least genetic variability.

In conclusion, I.Q. tests appear to measure crudely some necessary innate conditions for the expansion of total awareness. I.Q. tests definitely do not measure the sufficient conditions for the expansion of total awareness. I.Q. is correlated with intelligence. I.Q. does not measure intelligence. TAP tests, to be fully effective, must measure Imagination and Will as well as Logic and Memory. No TAP test will be valid unless the educational opportunities are such that important information is readily available to all; only then will the TAP score have a high heritability. The educational opportunities in modem socialized countries, such as the United States and Sweden, already appear to meet the conditions for guaranteeing high heritability on I.Q. scores. The educational opportunities of the Ethical State will greatly exceed those of the current socialistic democracies for all persons.

In eugenics the objective is to improve the future population as a whole. Eugenics does not improve any individual. Only education does that. There is little doubt that if LTA has any genetic basis at all, then a scientific eugenics program can continuously improve the collective TAP of the human race. In so doing, it is possible to commit individual injustices by preventing genetically-qualified persons from bearing children. This would occur when environmental circumstances damaged the person in such a way that his TAP phenotype appeared much lower than heredity would indicate. The most likely cause for this damage would be due to prenatal and birth accidents, particularly oxygen deprivation. It is very unlikely that differences in the social environment of the Ethical State will produce differential damage since even the current bureaucratized environment of the social democracies apparently produces very little differential damage in I.Q. test scores. This latter point is, of course, contrary to leftist ideology but is most consistent with the scientific evidence. It would be a relatively simple matter to resolve experimentally, but the leftist ideologues would oppose this, probably successfully, under the current political system.

In any case, a small, ever-decreasing number of individual injustices in the present will be the price that humanity will have to pay in order continuously to improve the future quality of the entire human race. These injustices would consist in no more than preventing a very small number of improperly-evaluated persons from assuming the responsibility of bearing and raising children. The eugenics program itself would be completely humane, consistent with personal freedom, and in effect voluntary (i.e., a person can always choose exile). Every effort would be made to keep injustices to a minimum and the eugenics program would be continuously evaluated and improved. This is a very small price to pay for guaranteeing that our progeny will, as a minimum, have the totality of awareness typified by a Leonardo da Vinci and a Bach.

Another eugenic possibility that may exist in the future is that of genetic engineering. Through genetic engineering it might be possible to repair defective genes so that all persons could bear children. In this case, any person could bear children if he volunteered to have his genes repaired. There is a possibility, however, that an uncertainty principle might operate at the molecular level which will make genetic engineering too haphazard an instrument for practical genetic repair. Genetic engineering may remain an experimental tool which will Occasionally, by chance, produce a highly superior genotype which should be transmitted to the rest of the human race. Through genetic engineering, we may, in effect, increase the rate of beneficial mutations and decrease the rate of deleterious mutations. Since the concept of personal freedom is central to the Ethical State, genetic engineering could only be applied to volunteers. If and when genetic engineering became a practical reality, then selective birth control might not be necessary.

In the Ethical State the eugenics program will be based on scientifically-developed measures of TAP (i.e., the measures will be based on how well they enable one to predict future LTA). If and when the high heritability of the I.Q. score is confirmed by further controlled experimentation, then I.Q. tests may be used as a crude first measure of low-level TAP. There is no evidence that any desirable human characteristic is positively associated with low I.Q. scores.

The TAP tests together with the total educational environment will be increasingly improved until 1) the heritability of the TAP test score is one hundred percent and 2) all components of intelligence are fully reflected in the TAP test. The latter criterion will be established when there is an almost perfect positive correlation between TAP score and future LTA score. The former criterion will be established when no changes in the total educational environment can raise the TAP score.

A selective eugenics program will be implemented which will continuously improve the collective TAP of the human race. At the outset the TAP scores will be used solely to reduce the number of parasitical human beings. As the TAP tests improve, there will be a graduated level of reproduction from zero reproduction for persons with the lowest TAP scores to subsidized, highly-encouraged, unlimited reproduction for persons with the highest TAP scores.

So long as the educational system and technology can be used to improve a person's TAP score, it will so be used. As soon as a child is detected as having a TAP score too low to qualify for parenthood, it will be the responsibility of the Ethical State to do everything in its power to help the child qualify for parenthood. This may take the form of special education and incentives or medical treatment. The child will be tested repeatedly under more careful conditions than the regular primary school population. If by the age of puberty a person still has not qualified for parenthood, then a judge will decide whether or not that person should 1) be sterilized ( temporarily if possible ); 2) volunteer for genetic engineering and repair, when practical; or 3) be allowed to practice voluntary birth control. The person may, of course, avoid sterilization by going into exile. An unsterilized person, unqualified for parenthood and practicing voluntary birth control, will be subject to exile or sterilization if he produces a child. Any time a person's TAP score qualified him for parenthood, he could become a parent if he were biologically capable.

An analogous procedure will apply to all persons who have a limitation on the number of children they can legally produce. Once they have reached their quota, they will be treated as person's unqualified for further parenthood.

The basic objective of the eugenics program will be to produce the maximum number of persons with the maximum level of total awareness. The limitations on the maximum number of persons shall be constrained only by the availability of resources. It is the obligation of the Ethical State to assure that the general level of TAP as well as LTA is constantly rising in the human race.

 


Tension in the Ethical State

An Ethical State, in attempting to maximize mankind's total awareness, will produce considerable tension. The tension of the Ethical State will have many forms, but it will have its most direct manifestation in the educational system which will force man to increase his awareness at his maximum rate. This will be done through social pressure, not physical coercion. However, it is social pressure that seems to create the greatest tensions in mankind.

All research seems to be done best under a crash program of maximum tension with quick and accurate feedback. This was the case with the Manhattan project. This was the case with Project Apollo. So it will probably be with every facet of the Ethical State. There will never be time to rest. Man must always become totally aware at his maximum rate or entropy, in the form of bureaucracy, ideology, and/or hedonism, will overtake and destroy him.

Today we see this happening to the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA accomplished its symbolic mission of unifying all the sciences (physical, biological, and psychosocial) in order to extend man's awareness beyond the Earth. Today NASA is becoming bureaucratized. We should expect an increasing number of failures for NASA as it becomes as corrupt as the Soviet space agency. NASA beat the Soviets to the moon because it was a new unbureaucratized organization working under maximum tension with quick and accurate feedback. This is no longer the case.

The picture of the Ethical State, therefore, is one of constant creative tension. This is not the neurotic tension of anxiety, but the healthy, joyful tension of an evolving society. Individual men may rest by sinking into matter but man can never rest if he is to become the Moral Society. Man must choose between evolution and entropy.

Entropy is an inexorable force which destroys any life form which submits to it for even a short time. Only by submitting to entropy can man rest and be assured of illusions of awareness. The temptation to sink into matter, to rest, to seek happiness, is overwhelming for any person not subject to the immediate pressure of self-preservation. No individual Will, in the presence of affluence, can long resist the entropic force. Resistance to entropy is only possible when the Will is amplified by a progressive culture or the need to survive.

Throughout almost all of his history, man avoided entropy by living under maximum tension. He was subjected continuously to the testing pressure of the evolutionary force. Man has for millions of years been in immediate danger of starving or being killed by other animals. This produced the creative tension which forced him to evolve. Today this is no longer the case. Socialism and bureaucratization have eliminated all vestiges of vital competition within nations. The testing between the major nations can only lead to annihilation. Man must now deliberately test himself for no other purpose than to improve himself. The only motivation for this action is a desire to play the Game of Life. However, a person must believe that his efforts will have some effect and lead to more than awareness for himself. He must feel himself a part of something greater than himself. Otherwise the direct pursuit of happiness is a much more attractive goal.

In a bureaucratized society such as permeates the entire world, it is much easier, indeed logical, to forget about future generations which seem doomed anyway, and to think only about our individual happiness. Only the constant creative tension and purpose of an Ethical State can reverse this trend.

There is no logical reason for playing the Game of Life. It is just as "natural" to sink into matter as to rise to greater mind. Both entropy and evolution are natural forces. The Game of Life will only be played by those in whom the evolutionary force is stronger than the entropic force. At first the effectiveness of the deliberate players of the Game will be attenuated by being immersed in the entropy of a bureaucratized, hedonistic miasma of humanity. However, as more and more persons become players, they will amplify the Will and Imagination of one another and the playing of the Game will become increasingly easy. The entropy will decrease. Eventually, the vast majority of humanity will be players and no one will wish to stop the Game. Human evolution will become irreversible. In order for this to happen, it will be necessary to test each person and select against those who would attenuate the effectiveness of the players. This will, of course, produce constant tension and a type of insecurity in an Ethical State. But it is essential for man's continued creative evolution.

The Ethical State, unlike our currently-bureaucratized society, does not diffuse responsibility. Each person is made clearly responsible for his actions. The Presidency is entirely responsible for the effectiveness of the government, the development of the Ethical State and the creation of a Moral Society. The Senate is responsible for the effectiveness of the Presidency and other officials. The electorate is responsible for all. Bureaucracies are replaced by competitive teams with high feedback and are subject to Darwinian natural selection. The most effective teams multiply. The least effective perish, i.e., are disbanded.

Most of all, each person is directly responsible for his own intellectual development. He has at his disposal a completely-subsidized, highly flexible, personalized educational system with high feedback which will enable him to expand his total awareness in his own way every day of his life if he has the Will to do so. Each person is guaranteed feedback by being continuously shown his increase in total awareness relative to the rest of the population. No one will be able to blame anyone but himself for his shortcomings. No one will be able to avoid negative feedback. So it will be with everyone in an Ethical State. This is creative tension.

An Ethical State is not the tranquil, harmonious paradise that is usually portrayed by revolutionaries to delude their followers into supporting their objectives. An Ethical State is the direct manifestation of the evolutionary force. Its sole purpose is to expand man's total awareness. There will be many, at first, who will find an Ethical State's forcing them to face reality, which includes what they can neither predict nor control, unbearable. They will try to destroy the Ethical State. Only moral men will find joy in the infinitely-expanding total awareness of humanity.

Man must make the choice now whether to give up apathy and self-delusion and commit himself to evolving forever toward total awareness, or to descend into matter where the entropic peace and tranquillity of bureaucratic security and ideological delusion eventually become absolute. If man is to survive and evolve toward total awareness, there can be no rest or relaxation of maximum creative tension. There is no other way. It is the universe or nothing. Man must decide soon which it shall be.